Women’s History an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Women’s History Women faced two national crises the Great depression and the World War Two. In the world War Two over seventy million people were killed this included civilians. Both men and women were impacted by these two crises. This discussion will compare and contrast the impact of the two crises on women. Consider gains or losses encountered by women and the extent to which each crisis challenged or reinforced traditional gender ideology. Need essay sample on "Womens History" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Great Depression saw many women adjust to face the economic crisis that was facing the country. The married women gave birth to fewer children. Some postponed having babies or marriage. Eleanor Roosevelt 1933 Its up to the women summarizes the great role the American women had in helping manage life through the current economic crisis. They looked for employment when some of their husbands lost their jobs or had pay cuts to keep their jobs (McGeehan, Gall, & Streitwieser, 2008). Men who had been socialized as the providers for the families were depressed when they lost their job. They felt like failures who could not provide for their families. On the contrary women took this chance to help their families by juggling home chores and employment. Through the gender roles set by traditions women were supposed to be provided for by males, yet this was not always the reality on the ground. We had households headed by women who had been divorced, windowed or deserted by their husbands. They had to fend for their families yet it was difficult. Women who went for relief or sought employment were scorned for trying to take jobs from men who deserved them more. The number of women working rose and few suggested that they should be fired to create opportunities for men. They had to contend with discrimination in work places according to gender (McGeehan et al, 2008). Women struggled for equality in federal programs. The National Recovery Administration had different minimal wages for similar jobs fro men and women. Some agencies for example Civilian Conservation Corps only offered employment to men. Social Security structured around a model of male providers thus failed to recognize women workers. Women elected to leadership positions sought to challenge these arrangement and Eleanor Roosevelt help a lot in her position as the first lady. The traditional gender ideologies were reinforced during this time. The World War Two impacted the women in a number of ways. There was a crisis for employment in the war time. More women were encouraged to join the work force unlike in the depression. For instance in 1941 classes were offered for women to train in chemical laboratory in the University of Alabama. They were encouraged to take these opportunities to replace men who were joining the combat work. This enabled the women financially and they also had a chance to serve the nation. There was discrimination in wages for men and women during this time. Even where the army offered high pay for jobs considered risky they still paid women less for the same jobs. Just like in the Great depression few urged the women to maintain their role by taking up jobs that were considered womanly like sewing. Some companies opposed hiring more female employees. They claimed they diluted the quality of work as the qualified ones had been employed initially. In both crises men and women were paid different wages for the same jobs. However, the labor board came up with a policy of uniform pay for similar jobs. This encouraged more women to venture in fields formerly dominated by women. More black women were hired while initially they could only be hired after the white women were exhausted (McGeehan et al, 2008). The contrast between the motive behind women looking for employment in the World War Two and the Great Depression is that in the later they did so purely to improve their financial status whereas in the former they had a desire to be part of the people who fought for the nation. There were gains encountered in both crises. Women were able to work and help support themselves and their families. They also got a chance to render their services to the nation. Through these crises women got an opportunity to fight for equality and remove shame of women seeking paid employment. The two crises helped to reinforce traditional gender roles by drawing a distinction between work for men and women. Women were expected to stick to roles associated with women while the men could handle the roles considered masculine. Though both men and women were working women were still expected to take care of their homes, their children and their husbands. This often led to absenteeism hence lower inputs and trouble at work places (McGeehan et al, 2008). The hardest hit fields were the manufacturing and the heavy industries dominated by men. Fields dominated by women like sales were less affected and women had an upper hand here. Unfortunately this helped to reinforce the traditional stereotypes of womens work. The number of women working for pay increased to 25.4% in 1940 from 24.3% in 1930 (McGeehan et al, 2008). The crises also challenged the gender ideology that men were the sole breadwinners. This was seen when women were forced by circumstances to look for work and substitute the family income. Those without the male care had to support their families. The contribution of men and women in running families and the country at large is very important. They should be given equal opportunities in the work place. Bibliography McGeehan, J. Gall, M. s Educational Series

Purchasing Your First Small Chainsaw

Purchasing Your First Small Chainsaw Chainsaw manufacturers are using newer and lighter materials to build more powerful but durable machines. Inspired by an article in Arbor Age magazine, I ask you to consider six chainsaw brands for potential purchase. These chainsaw manufacturers were selected for their small model compactness and reviewed for use by arborists who work in an urban environment but need plenty of sawing power. These companies have smaller saws that would also be the perfect fit for a tree owner or occasional woodcutter or limb trimmer. An important first note: Reviewer Tom Bernosky, owner of Green Thumb Power and Equipment Corporation, suggests you always remember when buying any machine to buy from a dealer who can service. Your chances go up that you may hurt yourself and your business by buying something at a mart-type store. I am not saying you cant buy mail order, just make sure there is a repair shop in your area for service work. If the saw cant be serviced locally, your warranty isnt worth the paper its printed on.† 6 Great Companies That Make Small Chainsaws This list represents great picks from a broad array of small chainsaws who provide excellent dealer service. Obviously, there are many others you can choose that are not on this list. But these saws are arguably the best for all but the professional woodcutter as a first saw around the yard and woodlot. This review is based on company reliability, professional arborist popularity, and one chainsaw shop experts opinion. Any of these chainsaws manufacturers make great first small saws for purchase. All quotes are from Arbor Age. Ive tried to include links to lists of branded saws available for purchase on the Internet. Echo Small Chainsaws - It truly packed a wallop when it came time to do limb and trim work. - Available in 14 and 16 guide bars - Retail cost range: $190 to $300 US    Note: my personal favorite is the Echo CS 310. Stihl Small Chainsaws- â€Å"This particular unit cuts extremely smooth and had plenty of power in reserve† - Available in 14 and 16 guide bars - Retail cost range: $180 to $250 US  Ã‚   ​Note: this saw is an arborists favorite due to minimal weight, adequate power and bang for the buck. Husqvarna Small Chainsaws- My first impression of this was wow, what a little powerhouse. - Husqvarna saws are available in small guide bars - Retail cost range: $210 to $350 US Craftsman Small Chainsaws - I picked this chainsaw because of its quality and service availability. A Sears Craftsman chainsaw is an economical alternative to the more expensive saws and a growing favorite!- Available in 14 and 16 guide bars - Retail cost range: $150 to $200 US Jonsered Small Chainsaws- â€Å"Known for its reliability and durability, this little saw has that and more.- Available in 16 guide bars - Retail cost range: $250 to $300 US Solo Small Chainsaws- â€Å"This is quite a nice saw with plenty of power.† - Available in 14 and 16 guide bars - Retail cost range: $250 to $450 US

Groupism in Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Groupism in Design - Essay Example A group is needed to complement the weakness and bring out the best in every individual. In business, groupism serves as an audience to the prospected market of the product. However, controversies regarding groupism are discussed and debate everywhere. Some designers claimed that groupism would box their ideas into the norms of the group and hinders their creativity. Some studies also pointed out that groupism in universities creates misunderstandings and rivalry to the outside group of students. In family, groupism could result in degree of animosity with those who are outside the family. Designers are people who have extreme ideas. They are not afraid to take risks and be different. They are individuals with strong personality. Introducing them into a group will be of great challenge; for them, it seems like being enclosed into a cage or box. For them, their ideas will be controlled and will not be heard according to their wants and preferences. As stated earlier, the group is needed to minimize the weaknesses and brings out the best in every individual, but how come that even the strengths will be suppressed This risk could be reduced through organization's proper recruitment and management. Working in a group required lots of effort and team building. The management must evaluate the designer's skills to know the areas where they excel the most and the areas where development is needed. Working as a group is as simple as math. Everyone has their highest positive number and lowest negative number. These will be summed up and be divided according to the numbers of m ember. The average is the rate of the group's effectiveness. On the other hand, the highest positive number could be recognized with the help of proper management. Understanding uniqueness of every individual could give the management an insight on what hinders productivity, what can be changed and developed. Groupism in design is just like a basketball team playing. Everyone wants to excel, to give their best and help the team win. But even with the best players, playing without goal and cooperation will not help win the game. It will produce confusion and misunderstandings. The strengths of every player should be used and the weakness of each should be complemented by other players. The coach could help the team by proper allocation of players and setting of instructions. According to the survey made in Japanese schools, 61% of the 280 respondents believed that the main reason for a society to have preschool is to learn on how to be a member of group. The need to belong is part of the human instinct making groupism as a normal sight in schools and universities. As an urban word, groupism is defined as losing someone's identity after being part of the group. Stereotypes were created due to the fact that they are afraid to be different. They tend to ignore their own ideas and openness was not extended to every member because they are afraid to be rejected. Peers struggle to belong in a group and be accepted; consequently resulting in generation of low confidence. The leader of the group is followed and everyone goes with the flow. Motivation comes from outside sources. On the other ha

Discuss the importance of ethics in business in light of the recent Assignment

Discuss the importance of ethics in business in light of the recent global financial crisis (GFC) - Assignment Example assessment item they should attach all supporting documentation to the completed Request for Extension form which is available from a Student Centre, the UWS website or from the ‘Support’ folder in the BAS vUWS site. Requests for extension must be submitted no later than three working days prior to the due date of the assessment task to Parramatta Campus, School of Marketing, Building ED (Reception) or Campbelltown Campus, School of Marketing Building 22A (Bev Booth). After that period, requests for extensions will not be accepted and students will need to apply for special consideration. If students need to apply for a special consideration, they should attach all supporting documentation to the completed Application for Special Consideration form which is available from the Student Centre, the UWS Website or from the ‘Support’ folder in the BAS vUWS site. Applications need to be submitted to the Student Centre at Parramatta or Campbelltown A student who submits a late assessment without approval for an extension of the due date will be penalised by 10 per cent per day up to 10 days, i.e. marks equal to 10 per cent of the assignment’s weight will be deducted as a ‘flat rate’ from the mark awarded. For example, the essay development assessment task that is worth 20 marks will have 2 marks deducted from the awarded mark for each late day including Saturdays and Sundays. Assessments will not be accepted after the marked assessment tasks have been returned to students who submitted the task on time. Linking different pieces of information in a structured manner is important. The simplest way to ensure that your work is structured in such a way is to prepare an essay plan before you start. Essay plans help with structuring by organising information so that each concept flows logically from the one preceding. An essay plan also can help you work out how you will answer a question and which information you will use. With regard to the recent economic

Financing A New Venture On Entrepreneurs Point Of View Finance Essay

Financing A New Venture On Entrepreneurs Point Of View Finance Essay Introduction Starting a business is the dream of many people and the sole option to others. There are many reasons why a person would be willing to start-up their own company but independently of the reason, many of the new entrepreneurs get stuck right in one of the first and very important steps when it comes to start its venture: financial funds to do the jumpstart, also known for the term seed funding. It is vital to any type of company to have funds enough to start the business and hold the cash flow positive for the starting months until the company is able to finance itself. Many entrepreneurs are luckily enough to hold financial aids from personal savings or from the well known 3Fs: Family, Friends and Fools. Others need to lend money from outer financial sources, such as banks and government agencies. By lending money from others  [1]  , the entrepreneur is doing a commitment to pay the money back plus interests over the borrowed money. Other newer alternatives are the concept of business angels and venture capitalists whose invest in the start-up with the required amount of capital but they expect a portion of the company in return. Cite previous research in the area. It needs a bit more text to introduce the reader to the concepts we are going to present in the document. Background Financial institutions became an important mechanism of injecting money into all stages of businesses; from start-ups to expanding companies. Many literatures have written about available options in financing new business ventures and some interesting conclusions have been released; however due to the geographic focus of this work, there have not been found any similar work in which could replace this study. There are many available options widely used for entrepreneurs in developed countries to get money for start-up their businesses, but in the developing nations most people lack knowledge about new venture financing, therefore limiting available sources. Hence, this thesis will examine the most common options available in Brazil and Thailand and compare such options with the most used in the developed nations expecting to provide more insights to the entrepreneurs in the studying countries that out there are other available options. Definitions Limitation of the study Due to time constraints, it has been necessary to scope down the object of research to a narrowed picture. The study is focused on the financing of new venture in newly start-up product oriented business as it is in the field which match the writers personal interests. Additionally, there is a limitation in size that paper must accomplish. Moreover, the writers have intention of focus their study in developing nations attempting to find the pitfalls that prevent such countries to grow. Therefore been Brazilian and Thai, it is their personal willing to base the thesis in their nationalities. This study might not reflect the entire population of the countries due to the size of both nations. However, this thesis is an empirical study which tries to be as closest as possible of the reality. Countries Brazil Brazil is a developing nation South America, been the 5th largest country in the World both in territory and in population. It is a land of great biodiversity where lies the Amazon rain-forest which accounts for 20% of the words fresh water and oxygen generation. Brazil started to rise as a major economic power in the world stage after been nominated as part of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as the great powers of the globe by 2050. In terms of growth, currently Brazil is the 7th largest economy  [2]  in the planet in which main exporting areas are agriculture, mining, oil, manufacturing and services. Recently, its middle and higher classes overtook the number of poor setting the mark of 65% of the entire population  [3]  . The country is predicted to grow in fast pace, achieving in 2030 a quality of life of the population similar to the current in the major European countries. Thailand Thailand is located in South East Asia, been the 50th largest country and 21st most populous country in the world with approximately 65 million people  [4]  , and been the second largest economy in South East Asia after Indonesia. Thailands economy is mainly based on exports of rice, rubber, sugar cane and corn even though tourism plays big role. Because of its richness in natural resources  [5]  , Thailand have its own charming to attract foreign investors, and once had been called as the coming fifth Asians tiger. Initial financial aid To any new company, assets are mandatory. Even the simplest company would need some sort of asset, been human or other resources. Assets would be acquired in many manners, but the most common and easy way is to buy, lease, rent or hire, thus, paying in cash. Additionally, money is needed to keep cash flow positive and some spare for savings in case of an emergency. Furthermore, money is also needed in order to keep the company competitive in the industrial landscape. Therefore, for the great majority of companies, seed money is required in order to satisfy these needs. Focus on small business start-ups Small businesses are responsible for employing more people in developing nations than bigger corporations (show some study here). Additionally most of the developing countries have small businesses owned by nationals, hence leading to keep the money and profit of the company within the origin country. Moreover, most successful entrepreneurs has small businesses as a starting point, hence this study is rewarding in terms of possible usage by business owners aspirants in the referenced nations. Concentration in product oriented businesses Nowadays, businesses are mainly split between two major categories: services and product oriented. Services account for the biggest chunk of the pie, however products oriented business are the spark plug to trigger innovation and lead to further development. The choice for studying product oriented business over services is led by the desire of the writers in bringing innovation and entrepreneurship to their home countries. Additionally, there are personal interests in pursuing such business field in the near future. Surveyed entrepreneurs profile As part of the study, an online survey was conducted with product oriented manufacturing companies in Brazil and Thailand in which have survived from at least 5 years. A sample of 20 companies of each country spread onto different states were selected to take part of the survey, in order to make a more concise picture of the nation, not only focusing on particular regions. By selecting companies with at least 5 years in business, the authors ensures that the chosen entrepreneur has a successful business as it is known to be the baseline to consider the company successful. Objective This study has the main objective to elucidate the possible options of seed financing the entrepreneurs have, outlining the pros and cons of each given option and providing a basic guideline on how to obtain such investments. The outcome of this study should have enough information to the entrepreneur be able to select the most viable option of financing based on the nature of the business, required amount of investment and for how long it is expected to have the loan fully paid. Goals Review this text and merge with the above to shrink everything The final results which writers expect from this thesis are to obtain the knowledge based on the financial entrepreneur which related to the program study. Additionally, this paper would provide the reader information and statistical data regarding the available sources of financial institutions, pros and cons of each available sources, the trends of entrepreneur and their behaviours on financing new business venture in both Brazil and Thailand. Due to the analysis in this paper, writers are expected to summarize all data and provide the new possible method which could be match with people in both countries. The aim of this work is to show the various financing options to entrepreneurs whose want to form product oriented companies in Brazil and in Thailand and provide insights of the most financially viable options available in the studied markets. Literature Review Brief about entrepreneur and job creation It is widely known that the word entrepreneur comes from the French word emprendere which means to undertake in English. Joseph Schumpeter, an Austrian economist in summary has defined an entrepreneur as a person who creates wealth by combining various input factors in an innovative manner to generate value to the customer with the hope that this value will exceed the cost of the input factors. Additionally to that, it is understood nowadays that the entrepreneur is someone able to undertake challenges, innovate and create an organization out of it. Entrepreneurs have the power of creating companies. By starting point, normally the ventures created start small and expand along the way. Micro and Small companies employ the major part of the labour force within a country in the majority of the countries. As an estimation of the potential of the Micro and Small businesses in terms of job creation, 52% of all regularly employed people in Brazil in 2010 were employed by such companies size which accounts for approximately 13 million people, according to an employment study done by a governmental agency  [6]  . World Bank shows the very same percentage of employment for Small and Medium sized enterprises in Thailand according to a study done in 1997  [7]  . Figures can vary greatly on each nation, but normally numbers favours Micro and Small organizations than Medium or the bigger ones, thus showing the great importance Small and Micro business have in any country, specially in developing nations such as the ones part of our study. Forms of business entities Choosing the correct form of business entity is an important decision when starting a business. Not all entities are suitable for raising substantial amount of capital or are flexible enough to allow growth within the expected level. With a little forethought and the ability to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of entities, the venture might have the capability to achieve the expected goals. The most common business forms are sole proprietorships, corporations, limited liability companies and partnerships which are briefly explained below. Sole Proprietorship From a literature written by Willam et al. (2000, page 5)  [8]  , a sole proprietorship is a business owned and controlled by a single person and paying the applicable taxes on his or her personal income tax return. A sole proprietor has unlimited personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business and cannot sell equity to fund operations or expand the business. As a sole proprietor, one can use debt to finance operations, but will be personally liable for the repayment. Corporation A corporation is a legal entity or person created to conduct business by acquiring assets, hiring employees, paying taxes and facing pertinent legal issues  [9]  , according to William et al, 2000, page 7. The corporation carries on business in its own name and shareholders, officers and directors, and the employees are not personally liable for its acts. A corporation has appropriate structure for long term life-time as the model allows a wide variety of financing options, hence allowing existences continuity. Partnership A partnership involves two or more people carrying on a business together and sharing the profits and losses  [10]  William et al, 2000, page 6. Depending on the level of ownership and/or agreement, all partners are expected to have similar liabilities, obligations and responsibilities. All profits and losses are passed through to the partners according to their percentage of ownership, even if the profits remain in the business to fund continuing operation or expansion. Stages of a regular business Business professors have different views in terms of which the stages of a company are. It can be argued as several or some however, it is concisely known that they vary from 3 to 6 stages, depending on each scholar point of view. Markova Petkovska-Mircevska, 2009  [11]  points us to 4 brief but yet well developed major stages in which a regular company may have in its life-time, which are explained below. Start-up stage The business is in the conceptual phase, yet in the entrepreneurs mind a precious diamond to be lapidated. In this phase, the entrepreneur has as main challenge to convince people. He or she needs to demonstrate his/her idea to potential investors and to potential human resources or employees that the company will succeed. Usually, at this stage, there is no company formed yet. Seed stage Here the venture starts to takes shape. Normally, production has not started at this point, however planning, sketches, prototypes and alliances are been created at this stage. Even though if the company has actually started producing or selling, the product/service still needs to prove it is sellable and profitable, thus still entering to the market. In this stage, the entrepreneur needs to ensure the venture will not run out of money as key resources (personnel or assets) are required. Human resources can be high skilled workers or a marketing professional, which are known to be key factors to a success story. Normally, the company is up to 1 year old since its foundation. Early stage In the early stage the firm is usually expanding, and producing and delivering products or services. It is often less than 5 years old and it may not yet be profitable. Expanding stage In the later stage, also called the expansion stage, at this level of development the firm is mature and profitable, and often still expanding. With a continued high-growth rate, it may go public within 6 months to a year. Types of firms Available start-up funding depends on its long term potential. There are three types of start-up firms  [12]  : lifestyle, middle-market, and high-growth potential firms; according to Markova Petkovska-Mircevska, 2009. Lifestyle firms provide only a living for their founders and accounts for approximately 90% of all start-ups. Due to their limited nature, they are unlikely to attract external financial funding, thus tending to be funded by the entrepreneur. Middle-market companies ranges on 8-9% of all start-ups. This type of firm start to attract external funding as the average growth rate is 20% annually. High-potential organizations are 1% or less of all start-ups. They are very likely to grow over 50% annually and their initial five year revenue projections are very high. Usually such firms demand multiple rounds of external funding from angels and venture capitalists. Financing stages of a new venture Financing may be injected at different stages of a business, per its demand of extra funds. As different businesses might have dissimilarity in growth pattern, many literatures have the stage of financing differently set. According to Singh, 2000  [13]  , the classification of stages of financing are as follow: Early Stage Financing Later Stage Financing Seed Capital Start-ups Second-round finance Expansion finance Replacement capital Turn-arounds Early stage financing Due to its high risk of failure (related to uncertainty of business), many private investors invest in this phase expecting high returns in the business profit. In addition, as the company is still conceptual, smaller amount of investment is needed which attracts investors. Seed Capital Stage Seed capital stage happens when the business start from the conceptual idea. Lucas Peraquito, 2009  [14]  give the description of seed capital funding as early stage where concept or product is under development and the business is not operational. In this seeding stage, there is great chance of failure. I.e.: the product fails to materialize into workable model or the market is not ripe for the product  [15]  as pointed out by Singh, 2000. Due to high risk and uncertainty on this stage, investors are very scarce and normally it is financed by the entrepreneur. However one of the main objectives of this study is to assess it. Start-ups After the idea or products prototype is proved possible for commercialization and there are some indications of potential market for the product, a business plan is developed in this phase as usually here the needs for investors becomes more prominent. Hence, capital investors will look for evidences of entrepreneurs track record and previous experience before join the venture. If there are funds enough, a prototype is developed and tested and feasible production line on initial samples lots is tested. By launching the first sample batch, initial sales can start. In addition, business owner and investors can take a market research on the first batch sales to predict more precisely the amount of investment needed for a full production. In this start-ups stage, risks are higher than seed capital stage because the investments are substantially higher. Second round phase In this stage, the product is in full production and available in the market. As the company is entering into the market and fighting for its market share, competition would start showing its face, forcing the company to strive for survival. Quite often, to survive in a competitive market, new business demands extra injection of equity-alike funding to maintain or exceed its advantages over the competitors. Later Stage financing According to Singh, 2000  [16]  , Later finance is a term used for funding established businesses, which have passed through the hazards of early stage financings, hence, usually less risky. On the other hand, the amount of investment is typically higher due to the companys profile and products value. Expansion finance After the companys core product is strong in the market and continuously profitable, an established business might decide to expand by organic growth or by acquisition. Organic growth means expansion of business into new product line or new markets. Acquisition implies to expansion in the same business field but increase in volume of line production. (It does not seem to be right.Give me this reference) Hence, business plan with effective future development is important to attract venture capital funds in this expansion stage. Replacement Capital Some venture capital companies invest into this replacement capital stage by purchasing existing shares from the entrepreneurs due to potential profit. The fund expects a reasonable income yield to those who sell shares to the fund. The funds are not directly financing the business but there is a possibility for future financing to assist companys expansion. Turn-arounds A turn-around refers to a recovery situation  [17]  . The recovery situation can occur in both early stages and later stage of a business development. Turn-around which occurred in early stage financing usually happen due to lacking of entrepreneur managerial skills or slow respond of market to the product. Later stage turn-around rarely occurs if experienced venture capitalists or business angels are involved. Investors who are willing to invest in companies in turn-around situations have to weigh whether the business has future prospects of profitable growth and if it worth the effort. Needs for external funds business finance option.pdf -> Check it to rephrase and quote the text below There are countless reasons why small businesses seek finance. It is also known that extra money can boost companys ability to deal more confidently, improve processes, quality, reach new markets, etc. Independently from the reason extra cash is necessary, three main phases of business needs more extra finance; which are: New businesses that are being formed these can be either started up from the ground or acquired by another firm. Existing businesses that have a trading history and simply require additional finance for expansion and growth. Companies with financial difficulties to keep in business. This can happen to any type or size of venture and the reasons why it happen is not in the scope of this study. A business can grow by either using internal or external sources of finance. Internal sources of finance include all net cash flows generated by the business, such as retained profit or sale of assets. External sources of finance include bank loans, sale of a part of the business to investors (e.g., venture capital firms, business angels), and leasing (long-term renting of equipment). External sources of finance have a number of big advantages over the internal financing options, however drawbacks do exist also. Starting up the business When the entrepreneur decides to start-up its venture, there will always be a time when he or she will go through the financial aspects of opening a new company. Lack of financial resources is quite often the main reason why great companies are dreamed but never leaves the papers in developing countries. With no money, the entrepreneur is normally unable to go much further than its initial plans as it is very difficult to gain resources  [18]  (not impossible though) with no cash at all. Expansion A business needs investments to grow. Even the most profitable companies cannot rely solely on reinvested profits to finance their expansion. Accordingly, a business needs to secure bank credit, partner with venture capital firms or in any other way to secure external sources of finance. External finance provides the room for faster growth, allowing the company to operate on a far bigger scale, capturing new markets and providing products and services to an ever greater number of customers. Greater Economies of Scale Large businesses are generally more efficient than small ones. They have a greater bargaining power with suppliers and they can spread their fixed costs, such as administrative expenses, over larger sales. This results in lower costs per unit of production, which, in turn, gives the company a competitive edge in the marketplace. External sources of finance help a company grow faster, achieving the economies of scale necessary to compete with the rival firms on regional, national, or even international levels. Financial crisis recovery Any company at any stage is susceptible to get into financial trouble. The reasons why it might happen is infinite. It can be an outer issue happening in the government level, market level or even globally level. It can be due to an internal flaw committed by the higher management or a key employee that decides to leave the company. It could even be due to a machine that breaks down and turns to major issue, leading the enterprise to trigger a financial crisis. Thus, when such things happen, extra money (if not saved) is required to bring the organization back to its rails making it profitable again. Financing options trends Most common financing options Debt or equity When entrepreneurs consider to start or to expand their business, quite often external funds are pursued. It might come from individuals or companies that can provide a loan or direct investment to the venture, always looking for a future compensation. Investors or other financial sources can get return by two distinct ways, by debt or equity. Debt financing Debt financing usually occurs when you make a loan from a lender has been written by Duncan M. Chembezi (page 1). The loan will be used as capital injection in the business and need to be repaid over a period of time. The loan from each financial sources would have different terms and condition in clear repayment schedules and a set interest rate. Advantages The primary advantage of debt financing is that the entrepreneurs still retain total ownership of their businesses  [19]  . The benefit from having full ownership is that the entrepreneur can make strategic decisions, keep profit and reinvest it in the business. Other major advantages is that debt obligation will limit only in the repayment period which differently from equity finance where a percentage of ownership will not end until the investor sell its shares on the businesses. Disadvantages The major disadvantage of debt financing is the requirements which the entrepreneur needs to address before filing to a loan plus the interest rates to be paid on regular instalments to the lender. Hence, small business which has low cash flow might face difficult to re-pay the debts regularly. Most lenders might charge penalties for late payments which include charging fees, taking possession of collateral, or calling the loan due early. Moreover loans are usually available only for established companies. Start-up business might find it difficult to get a loan granted due to their business high risk and low (or no) company profile. Equity financing Equity capital implies to money that you and any of your business associate(s) inject directly into the operation  [20]   Chembezi. Contributors of equity capital would receive shares in the business as a compensation for the investment made. Advantages Equity financing provides extra capital into the business without the requirement of repayments and payment of interests as compensation. Hence, the equity is added into companys net value, improving the financial stability of business and its ability to obtain debt financing if still required. It can also result in outside expertise being added to the enterprises management or board. Disadvantages Equity financing is a permanent investment which reduces entrepreneurs ownership, thus its ability to control the business. Additionally, profits of the business are shared among the shareholders or equity investors. Internal and external sources of funding Funds can be acquired from a variety of sources however all of them will always be from two different types of sources: internal and external funding. Internal funding are funds available within the organization such as: personal savings, retained profits, bootstrapping and Family Friends and Fools (3Fs). External funding is money that comes from a source which is outside the company. External sources of funding can be countless, however the most common are: bank loans, Angel investors, Venture Capitalists, Government Agencies and general partnership. Internal funding Advantages Possibly internal funding would be the best option to any entrepreneur. Keeping your finances internally and controlling it yourself or within the organization means that one will keep ownership of your business without external unwanted interference. Moreover, by keeping the financing internally, the entrepreneur has the opportunity to grow sustainably and consistently. Disadvantages Although the many advantages of using internal funding, some drawbacks do exists. By using internal money for start and grow the company, it is inevitable that more money will be needed to keep the organization financial healthy. Such money is always needed to keep a balanced cash-flow and allow growth; therefore, using internal money either from the entrepreneurs savings or from the companys profits might constraint growth or imbalance the financial stability of the venture. External funding Advantages By taking external money the entrepreneur is possibly bringing more expertise to the company as if money is secured from business angels, venture capitalists or general partnership people with similar interest in having the company succeeding will try to help the entrepreneur, been many of them very well known in the market the entrepreneur is pursuing the venture. Moreover, by getting funding from the mentioned sources or from government agencies, one will need to get well prepared for presenting and pitching the idea, therefore leading to a better preparation of the entrepreneur in terms of the business itself by elaborating a more concise Business Plan and getting extra knowledge that shall be necessary when presenting. Disadvantages It is known that getting other entities along with the new company a payback to these must be done someh

Breast Implants :: essays research papers

Friday, 19 May, 2000, 10:13 GMT 11:13 UK Huge rupture rate in breast implants Many of the inplants had ruptured Almost seven out of ten silicone-gel breast implants scanned by researchers had developed a leak. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) study could reawaken the debate over the safety of breast implants. Many women claim that leaking silicone-gel has sparked serious illness, including chronic autoimmune disease. The FDA team used MRI scans too look at 344 women with implants. They found that 69% had a least one ruptured implant. And in 21%, the silicone gel contained within the implant had leaked beyond the breast into other parts of the body. In another part of the study, 907 women who had undergone breast enhancement surgery were interviewed. Removed implants Recently published studies have shown that women with silicone gel-filled breast implants do not have a greatly increased risk of some well-defined autoimmune diseases, which were among the serious health concerns surrounding the devices. These include potentially fatal connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma and lupus erythematosus. The new studies do not, however, rule out the possibility that a subset of women with implants may have a small increased risk of these conditions, or that some women might develop other immune-related symptoms that don't conform to "classic" disease descriptions. Nor did the studies address other important safety questions, including implant rupture rates and the incidence of capsular contracture (shrinking of scar tissue around the implant, which can cause painful hardening of the breast or distort its appearance). Answers to these and other questions await the results of new or ongoing studies. Widespread reports of adverse reactions to silicone gel-filled implants and a lack of evidence supporting their safety led the Food and Drug Administration to order the devices off the market in April 1992. They remained available only to women in clinical studies, mostly women seeking breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery. Saline-filled implants were allowed to remain on the market for all uses. Reasons for New Studies Breast implants had been marketed since the early 1960s--several years before the first medical device law was enacted in 1976, charging FDA with regulation of medical devices. Every year, thousands of American women had implant surgery for augmentation (to enlarge or reshape their breasts) or for reconstruction following mastectomy (removal of the breast) to treat breast cancer. Most of the implants consisted of a rubber silicone envelope filled with silicone gel; about 10 percent were filled with saline (salt water).

Tok Emotion Essay

Veruska M. B. November 18, 2011 TOK Mr. de Silva Grade 11 OSC TOK Essay: How do Perception and Emotion Contribute to our Knowledge of the World? Perception is broad concept, often defined through various contexts. Similarly, emotion has assorted definitions. These concepts differ in their timing in the world, for without the initial perception, emotion is a non-existent concept. And without such commodities our knowledge of the world would cease to exist. For our perception and emotion influences the other ways of knowing (WOK) immensely such as reason and language. Perception is how we perceive our surroundings, and the world. It’s often defined in 5 stages: The sensing process, integration, analysis, reaction and decision-making. However, emotion comes into play in the analysis, the reaction and the decision-making. The sensing process happens in one of five ways: with our five senses of sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing (Thinking positive). Integration is what is â€Å"filtered in and what is filtered out†. After this filtering you become aware of the environment and you explore/interpret the vicinity to give meaning and context differing on individuality. Then, we are convinced that if we can hear it, see it, smell it, taste it, feel it- it must be true. This is a common notion of a way of â€Å"knowing† something. Nonetheless, perception is key in its contribution towards our knowledge of the world. Considering that perception is the â€Å"supporting† evidence we obtain to identify with things around us, to categorize morals/ideas and to contribute towards our reactions on those morals/ideas. The reaction of perception interlinks with the abstraction of emotion. Emotion is defined as â€Å"a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes† (Define: Emotion). There are 6 basic emotions that all emotions fall under: happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, and fear. These emotions affect our knowledge of the world, as it taints our perception. Giving our knowledge obscurity. Such obscurities in knowledge are evident in various areas of knowledge (AOK) when emotion and perception intervene. A major AOK emotion and perception impact is the Arts. Visual Art is an IB subject that can alter our knowledge and ideas. As an aspiring IB artist, I’m emotional with my art. I use color and texture to communicate broad ideas. When I was painting my expressionism self-portrait, I couldn’t find the right colors to develop, and found myself frustrated. This emotion drove me to shut the judgment of others out, raise my heartbeat; gather paints and a palette knife and paint my frustration. Before I knew it, I had created a piece. Now I understood something new: That great artists don’t paint by assignment, the art is a spontaneous work that is triggered by an emotion brought on by perception, whether that is perception of doing something wrong which leads to a primary emotion, or perceiving a landscape which triggers an emotion that is then integrated into an art piece. Another contribution to my knowledge based on perception and emotion was a personal experience I had 6 years ago on December 9th. It was the day my friend Simon died. I was sitting at the dinner table when my parents received a call from Simon’s mother. My parents told me that Simon had been in a car crash with a drunk driver; they had hit a passing car on the way home from a party. I was listening to them communicate this clearly, trying to comprehend what they were saying, but my emotions kicked in. My initial response was anger, yelling at my mother that she was wrong, that what she was telling me was a lie, that Monday I’d walk from the bus stop with him. My emotion of sadness, led me to believe that my mother must be lying to me, because the sadness and anger obscured the truth. I was so absorbed in emotion and denial. On Monday, I waited at the bus stop and missed two of my classes. My judgment was so clouded; I simply rejected my perception, my knowledge, because of my strong emotion. Because of all the happiness Simon brought me, I could not let him go. Having it been so long ago now, I have a different emotional response whenever Simon is brought up. The emotion of sadness is still there, but it does not cloud the knowledge I gained from the experience of the loss. In conclusion, perception and emotion contribute to our knowledge of the world, in both its filtering of knowledge, and its positive reaction. Emotion and perception can both suppress knowledge not wanting to be obtained in a moment of strong emotion. But it can also be a strong positive influence in an area of creativity and individuality. The examples of art class and the death of Simon both exemplify such occurrences in my knowledge of the world. Works Cited Brennan, Samantha. â€Å"Thinking Positive†. Perception and Intuition, a life long challenge. http://www. positive-thinking-principles. com/definition-of-perception. html â€Å"Definition of Emotion†. Answers. Com. http://www. answers. com/topic/emotion | |